巴黎圣母院大教堂，巴黎

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris  

Notre Dame Cathedral (full French name: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, "Our Lady of Paris") is a beautiful Gothic cathedral on the the Île de la Cité in Paris, France. A major tourist destination and one of the most famous cathedrals in the world, Notre Dame is also a working Roman Catholic cathedral.

The Notre Dame de Paris stands on the site of Paris' first Christian church, Saint Etienne basilica, which was itself built on the site of a Roman temple to Jupiter.
Notre-Dame's first version was a "magnificent church" built by Childebert I, the king of the Franks at the time, in 528, and was already the cathedral of the city of Paris in the 10th century.
However, in 1160, having become the "parish church of the kings of Europe," Bishop Maurice de Sully deemed the building unworthy of its lofty role, and had it demolished.
Construction on the current cathedral began in 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, and opinion differs as to whether Bishop Maurice de Sully or Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone of the cathedral.
Construction of the west front, with its distinctive two towers, only began in around 1200, before the nave had been completed. Over the construction period, numerous architects worked on the site, as is evidenced by the differing styles at different heights of the west front and towers.
Between 1210 and 1220, the fourth architect oversaw the construction of the level with the rose window, and the great halls beneath the towers. The towers were completed around 1245, and the cathedral was completed around 1345.
During the reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV, at the end of the 17th century, the cathedral underwent major alterations — tombs and stained glass windows were destroyed. During the French Revolution, at the end of the 18th century, many of the cathedral's treasures were destroyed or stolen. The cathedral's great bells avoided being melted down, but the cathedral was used as a warehouse for the storage of food.
Generally, French Catholic religious events of national significance take place in Notre-Dame. In addition, many important historical events have occured at Notre-Dame over the years, including:
Napoleon Bonaparte, who had declared the Empire on May 28, 1804, was crowned Emperor at Notre-Dame on December 2, 1804.
The Te Deum Mass took place in the cathedral to celebrate the liberation of Paris in August 26, 1944.
The Requiem Mass of General Charles de Gaulle took place in the cathedral on November 12, 1970.
A restoration program was initiated in 1845, overseen by architects Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. The restoration lasted 23 years, and included the construction of a spire.
In 1871, a civil uprising leading to the establishment of the short-lived Paris Commune nearly set fire to the cathedral, and some records suggest that a mount of chairs within the cathedral were set alight. In 1905, the law of separation of Church and State was passed; as all cathedrals, Notre-Dame remains state property, but its use is granted to the Roman Catholic Church.
In 1991, a major program of maintenance and restoration was initiated, which was intended to last 10 years, but continued well into the 21st century, the cleaning and restoration of old sculptures being an exceedingly delicate matter.

The west front of the cathedral is one of its most notable features, with its two 69-meter (228-feet) tall towers. The three portals of the west front depict scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary (Portal to the Virgin), Christ enthroned judging the living and dead (Portal of the Last Judgement), and scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary's mother (Portal to Saint Anne).
The South Tower houses the cathedral's famous bell, "Emmanuel." The bell weighs 13 metric tons (over 28,000 pounds), its clapper alone weighs 500 kilograms. The bell is Notre-Dame's oldest, having been recast in 1631.
The Galerie des Chimères or Grand Gallery connects the two towers, and is where the cathedral's legendary gargoyles (chimères) can be found.
The West Rose Window is 10 meters in diameter and exceptionally beautiful. Many of the elements of the stained glass window date back to the 13th century construction of the cathedral. In front of the window stands a statue of the Virgin Mary carrying the Baby Jesus.
The King's Gallery is a line of statues of the 28 Kings of Judah and Israel, which was redesigned by Viollet-le-Duc to replace the statues destroyed during the French Revolution. The revolutionaries believed the statues to represent the French kings, so they decapitated them.

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巴黎圣母院大教堂，巴黎

圣母院大教堂（全法文名称： cathédrale圣母-贵妇人，法国巴黎， "我们的夫人巴黎" ） ，是一个美丽的哥特式大教堂就本区以及ile德法语援引在巴黎，法国。一个主要的旅游目的地之一，最有名的教堂，在世界上，巴黎圣母院，也是一个工作罗马天主教大教堂。


在巴黎圣母院，法国巴黎，站在现场的巴黎首基督教堂，圣艾蒂安标basilica ，这本身就是建立在该网站上的一个罗马庙木星。

圣母-贵妇人的第一个版本是一个"宏伟的教堂"建希尔德贝我，国王的法兰克斯在当时，在528 ，并以已经大教堂的城市，巴黎在10世纪。

然而，在1160 ，有成为"堂区的国王队的欧洲， "主教莫里斯德玷污当作建设辜负其崇高的角色，并已拆除它。

建设对当前大教堂开始于1163 ，统治期间，路易七，见仁见智，以决定是否主教莫里斯德玷污或教皇亚历山大三奠基的大教堂。

兴建西前线，其鲜明的两个塔，才开始在大约1200名前海军已经完成。在施工期间，许多建筑师对直播现场，为的是证明了不同的风格，在不同的高度，西方战线和水塔。

12时10分至12时20分，第四届建筑师主持建设的水平与玫瑰窗，伟大会堂下方水塔。该塔建成约12时45分，和教堂已完成约13时45分。

统治期间，路易十四和路易十五，在去年底的17世纪，大教堂经历了大幅改动-墓碑及斑点玻璃已被烧毁。在法国大革命，在去年底， 18世纪的许多教堂的珍品被破坏或被盗。教堂的大钟，可以避免被融化了，但大教堂被用来作为仓库贮存食物。

一般来说，法国天主教的宗教活动，全国意义的发生在圣母-贵妇人。此外，许多重要的历史事件都发生在圣母-贵妇人多年来，其中包括：

拿破仑，他曾宣布不落帝国1804年5月28日，被冠以皇帝在圣母-贵妇人于1804年12月2日。
电讯设备deum群众性事件都发生在教堂庆祝解放巴黎在1944年8月26日。
该安魂曲大规模的戴高乐将军发生在大教堂于1970年11月12日。
修复计划启动于1845年，负责监督由建筑师让-巴蒂斯特-安托万lassus和尤金维奥莱特-乐德。修复历时23年，包括建造一个尖塔。

在1871年，一个民间起义，导致建立了短命的巴黎公社近放火焚烧教堂，有的记录表明，认为摩的椅子内的教堂被放火。在1905年，该法的政教分离国家通过;所有炮台，圣母-贵妇人仍然是国有财产，但其使用的是批给罗马天主教教堂。

在1991年，一项重大计划的维护和恢复启动，其中的用意是过去10年来，但持续到21世纪，清洗和修复旧雕塑，是一个极其微妙的问题。

  
西部前线的教堂之一，其最显着的特点，它的两个69米（ 228英尺）的高楼。三大门户网站的西部战线描绘的情景，从生活中的圣母玛利亚（门户，以维尔京） ，基督enthroned判断生活和死亡（门户网站的最后判决） ，以及场景，从生活中的圣母玛利亚的母亲（门户圣安妮） 。

南楼家大教堂著名的贝尔， "灵光" 。钟重量为13吨以上（超过28000磅） ，其clapper仅重500公斤。钟声是圣母-贵妇人最古老的，被重写，在1631年。

该galerie号chimères或隆重廊连接两塔，那里有大教堂的传奇gargoyles （ chimères ）可以找到。

西方的玫瑰窗，是10米直径格外美丽。许多要素的彩色玻璃窗户可以追溯到13世纪建造的大教堂。前窗有一个塑像上的圣母玛利亚携带婴儿耶稣。

国王的画廊，是一条线的雕像在28个帝王的judah和以色列，这是重新设计的，由维奥莱特-乐德，以取代塑像被毁，在法国大革命。革命者认为，雕像，以代表法国国王，所以他们砍头。